Fermented foods, fibre and immunity with Dr Justin Sonnenburg & Dr Christopher Gardner

In Episode #191 I sit down with Stanford University Professor's Dr Christopher Gardner and Dr Justin Sonnenburg to talk about fermented foods, fibre, gut health and immunity. This conversation was organised following the results of their latest randomised controlled trial 'Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status' which was published in Cell Press in 2021. In this conversation we cover: •Dr Sonnenburg's background and journey into studying the microbiome •Defining the terms 'microbiome' and 'microbiota •The development of technology in learning more about the microbiome •What defines a healthy microbiome and dysbiosis •Studying the microbiomes of traditional populations such as the Hadza tribe •The benefits of microbiome diversity •Lack of microbiome diversity •Intestinal permeability •How Justin and Christopher came to working together •The mission behind their study of fibre and fermented foods •The methodology of the study •The definition of fermented foods •Microbes being added to packaged fermented foods •What the study found in terms of fermented food •Conducting studies with humans vs animals •What can the study tell us about the effectiveness of probiotics •Sodium in fermented foods •What the study found in terms of fibre intake •Accuracy of stool/microbiome testing •Key takeaways from the study •and plenty more Justin Sonnenburg, PhD bio: Dr Sonnenburg is an associate professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Stanford University School of Medicine, where he studies the gut microbiota in health and disease and co-directs the Center for Human Microbiome Studies. He and his wife Erica, are the authors of the book The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health. Their laboratory at Stanford develops and employs diverse technologies to understand basic principles that govern interactions within the intestinal microbiota and between the microbiota and the host. An ongoing objective of the research program is to devise and implement innovative strategies to prevent and treat disease in humans via the gut microbiota. Current pursuits include genetic engineering commensal bacteria to enable therapeutic delivery within the gut, as well as understanding the health impact of microbiome change that has occurred during industrialization. Justin conducted his Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego in the laboratory of Ajit Varki. His postdoctoral work was conducted at Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri in the laboratory of Jeffrey Gordon. He has received an NIH Director's New Innovator Award and Pioneer Award. He serves on several scientific advisory boards and is a co-founder of Novome Biotechnologies. Christopher Gardner, PhD bio: Dr Gardner is the Rehnborg Farquhar professor of medicine at Stanford, the director of Stanford Prevention Research Center's (SPRC) Nutrition Studies Group, and the director of the SPRC postdoctoral research fellow training program. His primary research focus for the past decade has been randomized controlled nutrition intervention trials (soy, garlic, antioxidants, ginkgo, omega-3 fats, vegetarian diets, weight loss diets), testing the effects of these on chronic disease risk factors that have included blood cholesterol, weight, inflammatory markers, and the microbiome. His research interests have recently shifted to two new areas. The first is to approach helping individuals make healthful improvements in diet through motivators beyond health, linking to ongoing social movements around animal...